How does the process of fractional distillation work?

Fractional distillation is a process used to separate mixtures of liquids with different boiling points. In this process, the mixture is heated in a fractionating column, where the vapors rise and enter a condenser. The vapors then condense back into liquids and are collected in different containers based on their boiling points. This process is particularly useful in the purification of organic compounds such as crude oil. In South Africa, Grade 11 students studying Science and Chemistry, especially Organic Chemistry, will benefit from understanding the principles and applications of fractional distillation.