How are earthquakes caused and what are their effects?

Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, leading to seismic waves. This release of energy is often due to the movement of tectonic plates or volcanic activity. In South Africa, earthquakes are less common but can still occur in areas like the Western Cape. The effects of earthquakes can be devastating, causing buildings to collapse, landslides, and tsunamis. It is important for Grade 9 students studying Earth Sciences to understand the causes and effects of earthquakes to better prepare for potential natural disasters.